Plachouras D, Karki T, Hansen S, Hopkins S, Lyytikainen O, Moro ML, et al. Antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals: results from the second point prevalence survey (PPS) of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(46):1800393.
Cassini A, Hogberg LD, Plachouras D, Quattrocchi A, Hoxha A, Simonsen GS, et al. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):56–66.
Google Scholar
Filice GA, Nyman JA, Lexau C, Lees CH, Bockstedt LA, Como-Sabetti K, et al. Excess costs and utilization associated with methicillin resistance for patients with Staphylococcus aureus infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(4):365–73.
Google Scholar
GLASS guide for national surveillance systems for monitoring antimicrobial consumption in hospitals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Antimicrobial RC. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):629–55.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcareassociated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals – protocol version 6.1. Stockholm: ECDC; 2022.
Behnke M, Hansen S, Leistner R, Diaz LA, Gropmann A, Sohr D, et al. Nosocomial infection and antibiotic use: a second national prevalence study in Germany. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(38):627–33.
Google Scholar
Behnke M, Aghdassi SJ, Hansen S, Diaz LAP, Gastmeier P, Piening B. The Prevalence of Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic Use in German Hospitals. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114(50):851–7.
Google Scholar
Aghdassi SJS, Hansen S, Pena Diaz LA, Gropmann A, Saydan S, Geffers C, et al. Healthcare-Associated Infections and the Use of Antibiotics in German Hospitals. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2024;121(9):277–83.
Google Scholar
Aghdassi SJS, Gastmeier P, Piening BC, Behnke M, Pena Diaz LA, Gropmann A, et al. Antimicrobial usage in German acute care hospitals: results of the third national point prevalence survey and comparison with previous national point prevalence surveys. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(4):1077–83.
Google Scholar
Web Annex C. WHO AWaRe (access, watch, reserve) classification of antibiotics for evaluation and monitoring of use, 2023. In: The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: Executive summary of the report of the 24th WHO Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 24 – 28 April 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023 (WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.04). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
R Core Team (2023). A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL www.R-project.org/.
Stevenson M, Sergeant E, Nunes T, et al.: epiR: Tools for the Analysis of Epidemiological Data. R package version 2.0.58, 2023. www.CRAN.R-project.org/package=epiR.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Point prevalence survey of healthcareassociated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024.
Antonelli A, Ales ME, Chiecca G, Dalla Valle Z, De Ponti E, Cereda D, et al. Healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in acute care hospitals: a point prevalence survey in Lombardy, Italy, in 2022. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):632.
Google Scholar
Teshome BF, Park T, Arackal J, Hampton N, Kollef MH, Micek ST. Preventing New Gram-negative Resistance Through Beta-lactam De-escalation in Hospitalized Patients With Sepsis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2024;79(4):826–33.
Google Scholar
Lakbar I, De Waele JJ, Tabah A, Einav S, Martin-Loeches I, Leone M. Antimicrobial De-Escalation in the ICU: From Recommendations to Level of Evidence. Adv Ther. 2020;37(7):3083–96.
Google Scholar
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial consumption in the EU/EEA (ESAC-Net) – Annual Epidemiological Report 2022. Stockholm: ECDC; 2023.
Dalhoff K, Abele-Horn M, Andreas S, Deja M, Ewig S, Gastmeier P, et al. Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Patients with Nosocomial Pneumonia – Update 2017–S3 Guideline of the German Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, the German Society for Infectious Diseases, the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology, the German Respiratory Society and the Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy, the German Radiological Society and the Society for Virology. Pneumologie. 2018;72(1):15–63.
Google Scholar
Torres A, Niederman MS, Chastre J, Ewig S, Fernandez-Vandellos P, Hanberger H, et al. International ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) of the European Respiratory Society (ERS), European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and Asociacion Latinoamericana del Torax (ALAT). Eur Respir J. 2017;50(3):1700582.
Lynch JP 3rd. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: risk factors, microbiology, and treatment. Chest. 2001;119(2 Suppl):373S-S384.
Google Scholar
Benko R, Matuz M, Peto Z, Weist K, Heuer O, Vlahovic-Palcevski V, et al. Trends in the hospital-sector consumption of the WHO AWaRe Reserve group antibiotics in EU/EEA countries and the United Kingdom, 2010 to 2018. Euro Surveill. 2022;27(41):2101058.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial consumption in the EU/EEA (ESAC-Net) – Annual Epidemiological Report 2023. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024.
Shallal A, Lahoud C, Merhej D, Youssef S, Verkler J, Kaljee L, et al. The Impact of a Post-Prescription Review and Feedback Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in Lebanon. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(5):642.
Khadse SN, Ugemuge S, Singh C. Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship on Reducing Antimicrobial Resistance. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e49935.
Google Scholar
Tamma PD, Avdic E, Keenan JF, Zhao Y, Anand G, Cooper J, et al. What Is the More Effective Antibiotic Stewardship Intervention: Preprescription Authorization or Postprescription Review With Feedback? Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(5):537–43.
Google Scholar
Bundesverband Deutscher Krankenhausapotheker e. V, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Hygiene und Mikrobiologie e. V, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Infektiologie e. V, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Krankenhaushygiene e. V, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Padiatrische Infektiologie e. V, Kommission Antiinfektiva RuTbRK-I, et al. [Organisational and staff requirements for antimicrobial stewardship activities in hospitals : Position paper of the Commission on Anti-Infectives, Resistance and Therapy (Commission ART) at the Robert Koch Institute, with advice from professional associations]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2020;63(6):749–60.
Scholz OM, Kruger N, Betzold E, Bader J, Thul N, Papan C. Antimicrobial stewardship in medical education in Germany: a brief survey and a students’ and educator’s call for change. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2023;3(1):e159.
Google Scholar
Van Dort BA, Penm J, Ritchie A, Baysari MT. The impact of digital interventions on antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals: a qualitative synthesis of systematic reviews. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2022;77(7):1828–37.
Google Scholar
Trotter NE, Slight SP, Karimi R, Bates DW, Sheikh A, Weir C, et al. The effect of digital antimicrobial stewardship programmes on antimicrobial usage, length of stay, mortality and cost. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. 2023;37:101183.
Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder: Verzeichnis der Krankenhäuser und Vorsorge- oder Rehabilitationseinrichtungen in Deutschland 2019. [Statistical Offices of the Federal and State Governments: Directory of Hospitals and Preventive or Rehabilitation Facilities in Germany 2019.]
link
